Isolation rooms for the prevention of airborne infection are an integral part of hospitals, ensuring immuno compromised patients are protected from infection and infectious patients are isolated. They are designed in accordance with the biosafety level of the pathogens they are likely to contain or isolate from.
Effective isolation rooms require careful consideration and in recent years BSRIA has assisted the Department of Health in improving their design validation practice.
New space design is helping patients’ protection
Pressure differentials isolate the rooms from the rest of the hospital. Positively pressurised rooms tend to be used to protect patients that have been immuno compromised, whereas negative isolation rooms are used to isolate an infectious patient. Air flows from a higher pressurised space into a lower pressurised space, so in positive isolation rooms, the patient is protected from infections occurring elsewhere in the hospital. In the case of negative isolation rooms, air cannot flow from the room into the hospital, therefore isolating the infection, but consideration must be given to the protection of the patient from a different infection. In recent years, new designs incorporating a Positively Pressurised Ventilated Lobby (PPVL) and neutral patient rooms have been described by the Department of Health in HBN4 (Isolation facilities for infectious patients in acute settings) and tested and validated by BSRIA.
A PPVL, set at a higher pressure than both the patient’s room and the hospital corridor, prevents air from the corridor entering the patient’s room, therefore protecting the patient, and at the same time preventing air from the room, and from a potentially infectious patient, to flow into the corridor. In addition, these rooms incorporate an “en suite” bathroom, at a negative pressure with respect to the patient’s room, ensuring all air is extracted through the “en suite” and filtered prior to release outside.
The pressure differentials in these rooms tend to be in the order of 10 Pa. Pressure differentials do not need to be as large as in other applications to ensure air flows in the desired direction. In practice, very large pressure differentials could make the doors more difficult to open and would mean higher leakage rate of potentially contaminated air in the event of poor airtightness of the room.